280 Nursing Bullets of Pediatric Nursing

In 1992 the UNICEF & WHO starts the baby friendly hospital initiative policy to promote breast feeding.
Prolactin is secreted in night time so breast feeding in night time is very important.
For maintenance of effective and continuous lactation sucking is essential.
Exclusive breast feeding means giving nothing orally other than colostrum and breast milk to her baby up to the age of 6 months if medically indicated.
Oral contraceptives containing oestrogen are not recommended for breast feeding mother.
Lactational mother avoid contraceptives up to 6 weeks after birth of baby.
Mother should feed the baby allowing one breast to empty, to provide both fore milk and hind milk, before offering the other breast.
Weaning is the process of gradual & progressive transfer of the baby from the breast feeding to the usual family diet.
Weaning usually started at the age of 6 months. At this age breast feeding only not fulfilling the infant nutrition needs.
Weaning is liquid at starting then semisolid and solid food to be introduced gradually.
Weaning is clean, fresh, and hygienic.
Weaning is easily digestible, acceptable and palatable for infant.
Weaning is high in energy, low bulk viscosity, and contains all nutrients.
Weaning is based on cultural practices and traditional beliefs.
Artificial feeding means feed the child other than breast milk.
Atresia means congenital absence or closure of the body orifices.
Active immunity is a form of long-term acquired antibody protection that develops naturally after an initial infection or exposure to antigens, or artificially after a vaccination.
Passive immunity is a form of acquired immunity that occurs artificially through injection or is acquired naturally as the result of antibody transfer through the placenta to a fetus or through colostrum to an infant; is not permanent and does not last as long as active immunity.
Stenosis means the narrowing or constriction of an opening.
Vaccine is a suspension of attenuated or killed microorganisms administered to induce active immunity to infectious disease.
Inattention, over activity, and impulsivity are the characteristics of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder.
Nurse ensuring a safe environment for a child with autism.
Cerebral palsy characterized by impaired movement and posture resulting from an abnormality in the extrapyramidal or pyramidal motor system.
The most common type of clinical cerebral palsy is spastic cerebral palsy, which represents an upper motor neuron type of muscle weakness.
Increased head circumference, Macewen's sign, anterior fontanel tense, bulging and nonpulsating, dilated scalp veins, frontal bossing, and setting sun eyes are the signs of hydrocephalus in infant.
Ventriculoatrial shunt, and ventriculoperitoneal shunt placement procedure is performed to treat hydrocephalus.
The CSF of client with bacterial meningitis is cloudy with increased pressure, increased white blood cell count, elevated protein, and decreased glucose levels.
Haemophilus influenza type b, streptococcus pneumoniae, or Neisseria meningitidis, and meningococcal meningitis are commonly caused bacterial meningitis.
Mumps, paramyxovirus, herpesvirus, and enterovirus are commonly caused viral meningitis.
Positive Kernig's sign, and Brudzinski's sign are seen in meningitis.
Petechial or purpuric rashes are seen in client with meningococcal infection meningitis.
Rey’s syndrome is an acute encephalopathy that follows a viral illness and is characterized pathologically by cerebral edema and fatty changes in liver.
A definitive diagnosis of Reye's syndrome is made by liver biopsy.
The exact cause of Reye's syndrome is unclear; it most commonly follows a viral illness such as influenza or varicella.
Aspirin is not recommended for children with a febrile illness or children with varicella or influenza because of its association with Reye's syndrome.
Infant with spina bifida place in a prone position to minimize tension on the sac and the risk of trauma.
Infant born with spina bifida the nurse protects the sac, cover with a sterile, moist (normal saline), nonadherent dressing to maintain the moisture of the sac and contents.
Strabismus is also called ‘squint’ or ‘lazy eyes’.
Strabismus is occurred due to lack of coordination of the extraocular muscles.
Infant and children have eustachian tubes that are shorter, wider, and straighter, which makes them more prone to otitis media.
To administer ear medications in a child younger than age 3, nurse pull the ear lobe down and back. In a child older than 3 years, pull the pinna up and back.
Epiglottitis commonly caused by Haemophilus influenza type B or streptococcus pneumoniae.
Epiglottitis occurs most frequently in children 2 to 8 years.
If epiglottitis is suspected, no attempts should be made to visualize the posterior pharynx, obtain a throat culture, or take an oral temperature.
Common causative organisms for laryngotracheobronchitis include parainfluenza virus types 1 and 2, respiratory syncytial virus, mycoplasma pneumoniae, and influenza.
Heliox is a mixture of helium and oxygen.
Respiratory syncytial virus, although not airborne, is highly communicable and is usually transferred by direct contact with respiratory secretion.
Identification of respiratory syncytial virus is done via testing of nasal or nasopharyngeal secretions.
Pneumonia is the inflammation of the pulmonary parenchyma or alveoli.
Viral pneumonia occurs more frequently than bacterial.
Primary atypical pneumonia, usually caused by Mycoplasma pneumoniae or Chlamydia pneumoniae.
Cystic fibrosis is a chronic multisystem disorder characterized by exocrine gland dysfunction.
In cystic fibrosis the mucus produced by the exocrine glands is abnormally thick, tenacious, and copious, causing obstruction of the small passage ways of the affected organs, particularly in the respiratory, gastrointestinal, and reproductive systems.
Pancreatic enzymes deficiency and pancreatic fibrosis is caused by duct blockage in cystic fibrosis child.
Salty baby when kissed is feature of cystic fibrosis child. It is due to an increase sodium and chloride in sweat.
Quantitative sweat chlorine test is positive in infant with cystic fibrosis.
Pilocarpine iontophoresis is drug used to increase sweat production in child with cystic fibrosis to collect sweat sample.
Normally, sweat chlorine concentration is less than 40 mEq/L.
Chloride concentration greater than 60 mEq/L is a positive test result.
Chloride concentrations of 40 to 60 mEq/L are highly suggestive of cystic fibrosis and require a repeat test.
Sudden infant death syndrome (SIDS) refers to unexpected death of an apparently healthy infant younger than 1 year for whom an investigation of the death and a thorough autopsy fails to show an adequate cause of death.
SIDS most frequently occurs during winter months. Death usually occurs during sleep periods, but not necessarily at night.
SIDS most frequently affects infants 2 to 3 months of age. Incidence is higher in boys.
The SIDS incidence has been found to be lower in breast-feed infants and infants sleeping with a pacifier.
Prone position, use of soft bedding, sleeping in a non-infant bed such as a sofa, thermal stress, cosleeping, mother who smoked cigarettes or abused substances during pregnancy, and exposure to tobacco smoke after birth are increase the risk of SIDS in infant.
Mother should place her infant in the supine position for sleeping because it decreased the incidence of SIDS.
Nurse use the air-purifying N-95 or N-100 respiratory mask during care of tuberculosis child.
Nurse assess the apical heart rate for 1 minute before administration of digoxin.
Nurse hold the digoxin if the apical pulse is less than 90 to 110 beats/min in infants and young children, or less than 70 beats/min in older children, as prescribed.
Nurse be aware that infants rarely receive more than 1 ml (50 mcg or 0.05 mg) of digoxin in one dose.
Normal digoxin level is 0.5 to 2 ng/ml.
Digoxin toxicity is present when level is greater than 2 ng/ml.
Ostium primum, ostium secundum, and sinus venosus are the three types of atrial septal defect.
In ostium primum the opening is at the lower end of the septum.
In ostium secundum the opening is near the centre of the septum.
In sinus venosus the opening is near the junction of the superior vena cava and the right atrium.
Atrioventricular canal defect results from incomplete fusion of the endocardial cushions.
Ductus arteriosus is a vascular connection between the aorta and the pulmonary artery.
Indomethacin is a prostaglandin inhibitor, may be administered to close a patent ductus in premature infants and some newborn.
Coarctation of the aorta is localized narrowing near the insertion of the ductus arteriosus.
Infant with coarctation of the aorta have the high blood pressure in the upper extremities than the lower extremities; bounding pulses in the arms, weak or absent femoral pulses, and cool lower extremities may be present.
Tetralogy of Fallot includes the four defects- Ventricular septal defect, pulmonary stenosis, overriding aorta, and right ventricular hypertrophy.
In transposition of the great arteries the pulmonary artery leaves the left ventricle, and the aorta exits from the right ventricle.
Total anomalous pulmonary venous connection is a failure of the pulmonary veins to join the left atrium.
Truncus arteriosus is failure of normal septation and division of the embryonic bulbar trunk into the pulmonary artery and the aorta, resulting in a single vessel that overrides both ventricles.
If a hyper cyanotic spell occurs in an infant, nurse takes the following action- place the infant in a knee-chest position, administer 100% oxygen, administer morphine sulfate, administer fluids IV, and document occurrence, action taken, and the infant's response.
Hypercyanotic spells are also known as Tet spells or blue spells and occur in infants or children with certain types of heart defects.
Nurse assess accurate height and weight of the patient before cardiac catheterization because this helps with the selection of the correct catheter size.
After cardiac catheterization immobilize the affected extremity in a flat position for at least 4 to 6 hours for venous entry site and 6 to 8 hours for arterial entry site as prescribed.
Rheumatic fever is an inflammatory autoimmune disease that affects the connective tissues of the heart, joints, subcutaneous tissues, and blood vessels of the central nervous system.
The most serious complication is rheumatic heart disease, which affects the cardiac valves, particularly the mitral valve.
Rheumatic fever manifests 2 to 6 weeks after an untreated or partially treated group A beta-hemolytic streptococcal infection of the upper respiratory tract.
Carditis, polyarthritis, chorea, erythema marginatum, and subcutaneous nodules are the major criteria of rheumatic fever by Jones.
Fever, elevated ESR rate, elevated antistreptolysin O titer, elevated C-reactive protein level, prolonged P-R interval, and presence of Aschoff bodies are the minor criteria of rheumatic fever of Jones.
Aschoff bodies (lesions) mainly found in the heart, blood vessels, brain, and serous surfaces of the joints and pleura.
Penicillin drug is given to treat rheumatic fever.
Kawasaki disease is also known as mucocutaneous lymph node syndrome and is an acute systemic inflammatory illness.
Cardiac involvement is the most serious complication of Kawasaki disease, and aneurysms can develop.
Fever, conjunctival hyperemia, red throat, swollen hands, rash, and enlargement of cervical lymph nodes are the acute stage signs of Kawasaki disease.
Cracking lips and fissures, desquamation of the skin on the tips of the fingers and toes, joint pain, cardiac manifestations, and thrombocytosis are the subacute stage signs of Kawasaki disease.
In convalescent stage of Kawasaki disease, the child appears normal, but signs of inflammation may be present.
In Kawasaki disease acetylsalicylic acid (aspirin) as prescribed for its antipyretic and antiplatelet effects.
The major concerns when a child is having diarrhoea are the risk of dehydration, the loss of fluid and electrolytes, and the development of metabolic acidosis.
A child with cleft palate is at risk for developing frequent otitis media; this can result in hearing loss.
A multidisciplinary team approach used to treat cleft lips and palate, including audiologists, orthodontists, plastic surgeons, and occupational and speech therapists.
ESSR method of feeding helpful in child with cleft lip and palate. (Enlarge the nipple, stimulate sucking reflex, swallow, and rest to allow the infant to finish swallowing).
After lip repair surgery nurse prevent the suture line from trauma.
Nurse avoid the positioning the infant on side of lip repair or in the prone position because these positions can cause rubbing of the surgical site on the mattress.
After lip repair surgery position the infant on back upright position.
Elbow restraints should be used to prevent the infant from injuring or traumatizing the surgical site of cleft lips and palate.
After palate repair surgery nurse avoid the use of oral suction or placing objects in the mouth such as a tongue depressor, thermometer, straws, spoons, forks, or pacifiers.
Cleft palate repair surgery is performed between 6 to 24 months of age.
Cleft lip repair surgery is performed by the age 3 to 6 months.
Cleft lip repair surgery is also called cheiloplasty.
Palate repair surgery is also called staphylorrhaphy/palatoplasty.
Type 3 of tracheoesophageal fistula is most commonly occurring. (80% to 95%).
The 3 C's (coughing, and choking during feedings and unexplained cyanosis), frothy saliva, regurgitation and vomiting, abdominal distention, and increased respiratory distress during and after feeding are the signs of tracheoesophageal fistula.
Gastroesophageal reflex is backflow of gastric contents into the esophagus as a result of relaxation or incompetence of the lower esophageal or cardiac sphincter.
GERDs is treated by diet, position, medication, and surgery.
Non-bile projectile vomiting is the feature of hypertrophic pyloric stenosis.
Peristaltic waves are visible from left to right across the epigastrium during or immediately after a feeding in child with hypertrophic pyloric stenosis.
An olive shaped mass is in the epigastrium just right of the umbilicus, dehydration, and malnutrition, electrolytes imbalance, and metabolic alkalosis are seen in child with pyloric stenosis.
Pyloromyotomy is the corrective surgery of pyloric stenosis.
A child with lactose intolerance can develop calcium and vitamin D deficiency.
Celiac disease also is known as gluten enteropathy or celiac sprue.
In celiac disease the infant has the intolerance to gluten, the protein component of wheat, barley, rye, and oats.
Celiac disease results in the accumulation of the amino acid glutamine, which is toxic to intestinal mucosal cells and cause villous atrophy.
Symptoms of celiac disease occur most often between the ages of 1 to 5 years.
There is usually an interval of 3 to 6 months between the introduction of gluten in the diet and the onset of symptoms in celiac disease.
An indication of a perforated appendix is the sudden relief of pain and then a subsequent increase in pain accompanied by right guarding of the abdomen.
Side-lying position with abdominal guarding (leg flexed) to relieve pain of appendicitis.
In appendicitis abdominal pain that is most intense at McBurney’s point.
Client with appendicitis nurse avoid the use of pain medications so as not to mask pain changes associated with perforation.
Ice packs prescribed in client with appendicitis for 20 to 30 minutes every hour.
Nurse avoid the heat application to the abdomen, or laxatives and enemas in appendicitis.
After the appendectomy position the child in a right side-lying or low to semi-fowler's position with the legs slightly flexed to facilitate drainage
Hirschsprung's disease is a congenital anomaly also known as congenital aganglionosis or aganglionic megacolon.
Most common affected part is recto-sigmoid colon in aganglionic megacolon.
Intussusception is the telescoping of one portion of the bowel into another portion.
Most common site for intussusception is ileocecal region.
Hydrostatic reduction is prescribed for intussusception if no signs of perforation or shock is present.
Omphalocele refers to herniation of the abdominal contents through the umbilical ring, usually with an intact peritoneal sac.
Gastroschisis occurs when the herniation of the intestine is lateral to the umbilical ring. No membrane covers the exposed bowel.
After repair of imperforate anus, the preferred position is a side-lying prone position with the hips elevated or a supine position with the legs suspended at a 90-degree angle to the trunk to reduce edema and pressure on the surgical site.
The toxic dose of acetaminophen is 150 mg/kg or higher in children.
N-acetyl cysteine is a antidotes of acetaminophen toxicity.
The tape test is the most common diagnostic test for pinworm in children.
Chelation therapy of lead poisoning medication includes calcium disodium edetate (CaNa2EDTA), and succimer (Chemet) is an oral preparation; British anti-Lewisite (BAL, dimercaprol) is used in conjunction with EDTA.
British anti-Lewisite is administered by the IV route or via deep intramuscular route.
British anti-Lewisite is contraindicated in client with peanut allergy or in children with glucose 6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G6PD) deficiency and not be given with iron.
Pinworms is also called enterobiasis.
Giardiasis is caused by protozoa.
In pinworm infection all members of family are treated for the infection.
Infant and children are more vulnerable to fluid volume deficit because more of their body water is in the extracellular fluid compartment.
In mild dehydration the weight loss is 3% to 5% in range and in severe dehydration the weight loss is about 10% or more.
In severe dehydration the tears are absent and sunken eyes and fontanel present.
In severe dehydration the capillary refill is very delayed >4 second.
In mild dehydration the capillary refill time is >2 second or in moderate dehydration the capillary refill time is 2-4 second.
In severe dehydration the external jugular vein not visible even with supraclavicular pressure.
In moderate dehydration the external jugular vein is visible with by applying supraclavicular pressure.
In isotonic dehydration the electrolyte and water deficits occur in approximately balanced proportions.
In hypertonic dehydration the water loss exceeds electrolyte loss.
In hypotonic dehydration the electrolyte loss exceeds water loss.
Phenylketonuria is an autosomal recessive gene disorder that results in central nervous system damage from toxic levels of phenylalanine in the blood. The Guthrie test is used for screening for phenylketonuria.
The normal temperature range for a child is 97.5 °F to 98.6 °F.
When temperature 100.4 °F is considered to be fever in children.
Normal level of phenylalanine is 1.2 to 3.8 mg/dL in newborn, and 0.8 to 1.8 mg/dL thereafter.
In phenylketonuria the blood phenylalanine levels rise greater than 20 mg/dL.
Musty odor of the urine is seen in child with phenylketonuria.
The child with phenylketonuria restricts the phenylalanine intake; high-protein foods (meats and dairy products) and aspartame are avoided because they contain large amounts of phenylalanine.
Hypoglycemia is a blood glucose level less than 70 mg/dL.
Headache, nausea, sweating, tremors, lethargy, hunger, confusion, slurred speech, tingling around the mouth, and anxiety are the signs of hypoglycemia.
Kussmaul's respirations, acetone (fruity) breath odor, increasing lethargy, and decreasing level of consciousness are the signs of Hyperglycemia.
Nephrotic syndrome is a kidney disorder characterized by massive proteinuria, hypoalbuminemia, and edema.
Haemolytic-uremic syndrome is thought to be associated with bacterial toxins, chemicals, and viruses that cause acute renal failure in children.
In Haemolytic-uremic syndrome blood urea nitrogen and serum creatinine levels elevated; hemoglobin and hematocrit levels decreased.
Cryptorchidism is a condition in which one or both testes fail to descend through the inguinal canal into the scrotal sac.
Orchiopexy is performed to correct cryptorchidism. (Between 1 to 2 years of age)
In epispadias the urethral orifice is located on the dorsal surface of the penis.
In hypospadias the urethral orifice is located below the glans penis along the ventral surface.
The corrective surgery of epispadias and hypospadias is done before the age of toilet training, preferably between 16 and 18 months of age.
Circumcision is not performed on a newborn with epispadias or hypospadias because the foreskin may be used in surgical reconstruction of the defect.
Bladder exstrophy is a congenital anomaly characterized by extrusion of the urinary bladder to the outside of the body through a defect in the lower abdominal wall.
Nurse cover the tissues of bladder exstrophy with loosely sterile, nonadherent clear plastic wrap or a sterile thin film dressing without adhesive.
Nurse do not apply petroleum jelly to the bladder mucosa of bladder exstrophy.
Impetigo is a contagious bacterial infection of the skin caused by beta-haemolytic streptococci or staphylococci, or both; it occurs most commonly during hot, humid months.
The most common sites of impetigo infection are on the face and around the mouth, and then on the hands, neck, and extremities.
Impetigo infection are highly contagious so nurse follows contact isolation.
The most common sites of infection by pediculosis capitis (lice) are the occipital area, behind the ears at the nape of the neck, and occasionally the eyebrow and eyelashes.
Permethrin 1% cream is most commonly prescribed to treat pediculosis.
Scabies is a parasitic skin disorder caused by an infestation of Sarcoptes scabiei (itch mite).
Scabies is transmitted by close personal contact with an infected person. Household members and contacts of an infected child need to be treated simultaneously.
Pruritic papular rash, and burrows on the skin (fine grayish red lines that may be difficult to see) are the signs scabies.
Permethrin and lindane are prescribed to treat scabies.
Lindane should not be used in children younger than 2 years of age because of the risk of neurotoxicity and seizures.
Developmental dysplasia of the hip is an abnormal development of hip in which the head of femur is seated improperly in the acetabulum, or hip socket, of the pelvis.
Laxity of the ligaments around the hip, shortening of the limb on the affected side (Galeazzi's sign, Allis sign), restricted abduction of the hip on the affected side, unequal gluteal folds, positive Ortolani's test or Barlow's test, positive Trendelenburg's sign, and prominent greater trochanter are the signs of developmental dysplasia of the hip.
Marked lordosis or waddling gait is noted in bilateral dislocation of the hips.
Splinting of the hips with a Pavlik harness, placement of hip spice cast, or operative reduction and reconstruction are the treatment measures for hip dysplasia.
The goal of treatment in hip dysplasia is to achieve a painless plantigrade and stable foot.
Plantigrade means the able the client to walk on the sole of the foot with the heel on the ground.
Talipes Varus is the inversion or bending inward of the foot.
Talipes valgus is the eversion or bending outward of the foot.
Talipes equinus is the plantar flexion in which the toes are lower than the heel.
Talipes Calcaneus is the dorsiflexion in which the toes are higher than the heel.
Marfan syndrome is a disorder of connective tissue that affects the skeletal system, cardiovascular system, eyes and skin.
Marfan syndrome is caused by defects in the fibrillin-1 gene.
Tall and thin body structure, slender fingers, long arms and legs, curvature of the spine, presence of visual problems, or cardiac problems are the signs marfan syndrome.
Child with marfan syndrome avoid participating in competitive athletics and contact sports to avoid injuring the heart.
Sickle cell anemia constitutes a group of diseases termed hemoglobinopathies, in which hemoglobin A is partly or completely replaced by abnormal sickle hemoglobin S.
Hemoglobin S is sensitive to changes in the oxygen content of the red blood cells. Insufficient oxygen causes the cells to assume a sickle shape.
Fever, dehydration, and emotional or physical stress or any condition that increase the need of oxygen, increase sickling of RBC.
The suckling response is reversible under conditions of adequate oxygenation and hydration.
Vaso-occlusive, splenic and aplastic crisis are the three types of sickle cell crisis.
Pallor, weakness, fatigue, irritability, low hemoglobin and hematocrit levels, red blood cells that are microcytic and hypochromic are the features of iron deficiency anemia.
Nurse give iron supplements between meals for maximum absorption.
Nurse give iron supplements with multivitamin or fruit juice because vitamin C increases absorption.
Nurse do not give iron supplements with milk or antacids because these items decrease absorption.
Black stools, constipation, and foul aftertaste are the side effects of iron supplements.
Liquid iron preparation strains the teeth. Teach the parents and child that liquid iron should be taken through a straw and that the teeth should be brushed after administration.
Pancytopenia is the deficiency of erythrocytes, leukocytes and thrombocytes.
Hemophilia A (Classic hemophilia) results from deficiency of factor VIII.
Hemophilia B (Christmas disease) results from deficiency of factor IX.
Hemophilia A is most common type.
Hemophilia is transmitted as an X-linked recessive disorder.
Von Willebrand’s disease is a hereditary bleeding disorder that is characterized by a deficiency of or a defect in a protein termed von Willebrand factor.
Beta thalassemia is a most common type of thalassemia.
Frontal bossing, maxillary prominence, wide-set eyes with a flattened nose, greenish yellow skin tone, hepatosplenomegaly, severe anemia, microcytic, hypochromic red blood cells are the signs of thalassemia.
Acute lymphocytic leukemia is the most frequent type of cancer in children; peak onset is age 2 to 6 years.
Infection and bleeding are most common problems in child with leukemia.
Infection is the major cause of death in the immunosuppressed client.
Hodgkin's disease is a malignancy of the lymph nodes that originates in a single lymph node or a single chain of nodes.
Hodgkin’s disease is characterized by the presence of Reed-Sternberg cells noted in a lymph node biopsy specimen.
Enlarged, firm, nontender, movable nodes in the supraclavicular area; in children, the “sentinel” node located near the left clavicle may be the first enlarged node in Hodgkin's disease.
Wilms tumor is also called nephroblastoma.
Wilms tumor is the most common intra-abdominal and kidney tumor of childhood.
The peak incidence of Wilms tumor is 3 years of age.
Nurse avoid the palpation of the abdomen child with Wilms tumor.
Neuroblastoma is a tumor that originates from the embryonic neural crest cells that normally give rise to the adrenal medulla and the sympathetic ganglia.
Most neuroblastoma tumor develop in the adrenal gland or the retroperitoneal sympathetic chain; other sites may be within the head, neck, chest, or pelvis.
Osteogenic sarcoma is the most common born cancer in children; it is also known as osteosarcoma.
Osteosarcoma usually is found in the metaphysis of long bones, especially in the lower extremities, with most tumors occurring in the femur.
The peak age of osteosarcoma incidence is between 10 and 25 years.
AIDS is a disorder caused by human immunodeficiency virus.
HIV infects CD4+ T cells; a gradual decrease in CD4+ T cell count occurs and this results in a progressive immunodeficiency.
Horizontal transmissions of HIV occur through intimate sexual contact or parenteral exposure to blood or body fluids that contain the virus.
Vertical (perinatal) transmission occurs from an HIV-infected pregnant woman to her fetus.
The most common opportunistic infection that occurs in children infected with HIV is Pneumocystis jiroveci pneumonia.
Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and p24 antigen test are the very accurate for diagnosing the HIV in infants 1-4 months of age.
p24 antigen is a HIV specific antigen.
PCR assess the presence of proviral DNA in sample.
Koplik's spots are small red spots with a bluish white centre and a red base; located on the buccal mucosa and last 3 days.
Koplik's spots are seen in Rubeola (measles).
Roseola (exanthema subitum) is caused by human herpesvirus type 6.
Rubella (German measles) is caused by rubella virus.
Mumps is caused by paramyxovirus.
Chickenpox is caused by Varicella-zoster virus.
Lymphadenitis, neck edema, “bull neck” is seen is diphtheria.
Scarlet fever is caused by group A beta-hemolytic streptococci. Incubation period is 1 to 7 days.
White strawberry tongue and red strawberry tongue are present in scarlet fever.
Erythema infectiosum (fifth disease) is caused by human parvovirus B19.
Infectious mononucleosis is caused by Epstein Barr-virus.
Nurse teach the parents of a child with mononucleosis to monitor for signs of splenic rupture, which include abdominal pain, left upper quadrant pain, and left shoulder pain.
Rocky mountain spotted fever is caused by Rickettsia rickettsii.
Rocky mountain spotted fever is transmitted by tick.
Maculopapular or petechial rash on ankles and wrists are the features of rocky mountain spotted fever, but rash may spread to other areas, characteristically on the palms and soles in rocky mountain spotted fever.
Staphylococcus aureus is a bacterium that cause methicillin resistant staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) infection.
Staphylococcus aureus is a bacterium that is normally located on the skin or in the nose of healthy people; when present without symptoms, it is called colonization, and when symptoms are present, it is called an infection.
MRSA is a strain of staphylococcus aureus that is resistant to methicillin and most often occurs in people who were hospitalized or treated at a health care facility. (Hospital-acquired MRSA).
Person at a risk for community-associated MRSA include athletics, prisoners, day care attendees, military recruits, persons who abuse intravenous drugs, persons living in crowded settings, persons with poor hygiene practices, persons who use contaminated items, persons who get tattoos, and persons with a compromised immune system.
H1N1 is also known as swine flu and is a strain of influenza.
Never pinch an infant or child’s nostrils when administering medication.
The preferred site for intramuscular injections in the infants is the vastus lateralis.
The Body surface area is determined by comparing body weight and height with average or norms on a graph called a nomogram.
Calculation of child dose from adult dose on the basis of BSA. [Child dose=BAS of child (m2) /1.73 m2 × adult dose]
Papules, vesicles, and crust are all present at the same time in the early phage of chickenpox.
Topical corticosteroids shouldn’t be used on chickenpox lesions.
The characteristics of Fifth disease (erythema infectiosum) is erythema on the face, primarily the cheeks, giving a ‘slapped face’ appearance.
A ninety-ninety traction (90 degree-90degree skeletal traction) is used for fracture of a child’s femur or tibia.
Blood pressure in the arms and legs is essentially the same in infants.