The Minimum Needs Programme (MNP) was introduced in the first year of the Fifth Five Year Plan (1974-78) . The objective of the programme is to provide certain basic min…

A new approach to health care came into existence in 1978 following an international conference at Alma-Ata . This is known as "primary health care" . It has a…

Pyloric stenosis, an obstruction at the pyloric sphincter caused by a hypertrophy of the circular muscle, occurs soon after birth in baby . The stenosis usually develops…

Atresia of the esophagus with tracheoesophageal fistula is a congenital anomalies of trachea and esophagus. Esophageal atresia   (EA) is caused by a failure of the esoph…

Congenital aganglionic megacolon (congenital megacolon) is a congenital anomaly that is caused by a congenital absence of autonomic parasympathetic ganglion cells in the…

Celiac disease results from severe atrophy of the intestinal villi, which serve as the sites of absorption of fluids and nutrients. This atrophy is produced by the perma…

Enuresis refers to a condition in which a child is unable to control bladder function, even though the child has reached an age at which  control of voiding is expected …

Wilms tumor (nephroblastoma) is a highly malignant embryonal neoplasm that may involve one or both kidneys . Several investigators have reported that the tumor involves …

Epispadias and Hypospadias are congenital defects involving abnormal placement of the urethral orifice of the penis. Epispadias: Urethral orifice is located on the dors…

Cryptorchidism (Undescended testis) is a developmental defect characterized by failure of one or both testes to descend into the scrotum. The testes normally develop in …