Atresia of the esophagus with tracheoesophageal fistula is a congenital anomalies of trachea and esophagus. Esophageal atresia   (EA) is caused by a failure of the esoph…

Congenital aganglionic megacolon (congenital megacolon) is a congenital anomaly that is caused by a congenital absence of autonomic parasympathetic ganglion cells in the…

Celiac disease results from severe atrophy of the intestinal villi, which serve as the sites of absorption of fluids and nutrients. This atrophy is produced by the perma…

Enuresis refers to a condition in which a child is unable to control bladder function, even though the child has reached an age at which  control of voiding is expected …

Wilms tumor (nephroblastoma) is a highly malignant embryonal neoplasm that may involve one or both kidneys . Several investigators have reported that the tumor involves …

Epispadias and Hypospadias are congenital defects involving abnormal placement of the urethral orifice of the penis. Epispadias: Urethral orifice is located on the dors…

Cryptorchidism (Undescended testis) is a developmental defect characterized by failure of one or both testes to descend into the scrotum. The testes normally develop in …

The nephrotic syndrome (nephrosis) is a clinically defined state characterized by proteinuria, hypoalbuminemia, hyperlipidemia and edema. It is sometimes accompanied by …

What is Fetal Alcohol Syndrome? Fetal alcohol syndrome is a condition occur in a child due to alcohol consumption by pregnant women. Alcohol consumption by pregnant l…

What is oral thrush? Oral thrush is an infection of the oral mucus membrane and tongue by the fungus Candida albicans. Oral thrush is commonly occur in infants and todd…